The control regions of Group T and Group C were the same length.

Name the type of gene mutation that is most likely to have occurred at nucleotide position 16 519

Answer ______________

Group T and Group C completed the same 8-week training programme. The following measurements were taken at the start of the 8-week programme, and again at the end.

1. VO2 max (a measure of maximal oxygen uptake).

2. Citrate synthase (CS) activity (CS is an enzyme involved in the Krebs cycle).

The scientists then calculated the percentage increase in each measurement in both groups.

Figure 4 and Figure 5 show their results.

A student concluded from Figure 4 and Figure 5 that training has a positive effect on VO2 max and CS activity.

Evaluate the student's conclusion.

The mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) control region is an area of mtDNA that is non-coding. This region stimulates the synthesis of both mtDNA and mitochondrial messenger RNA.

Use this information to suggest two reasons why the mutation at nucleotide position 16 519 could lead to the differences seen in Figure 5.

1

2

The sports scientists investigated whether there was a correlation between the percentage change in VO2 max and percentage change in CS activity in Group T.

Figure 6 shows their results.

'Having thymine at nucleotide position 16 519 in Group T causes an increase in ability to exercise for longer.'

Evaluate this conclusion.

Use all the data in this question.