Use your knowledge of phagocytosis to describe how an ADC enters and kills the tumour cell.

Some of the antigens found on the surface of tumour cells are also found on the surface of healthy human cells.

Use this information to explain why treatment with an ADC often causes side effects.

Scientists investigated whether one type of ADC could be used to treat human breast cancer.

This ADC is a monoclonal antibody combined with a drug to inhibit mitosis. The monoclonal antibody binds to a protein found on human breast cancer cells.

The scientists placed small pieces of human breast cancer tissue under the skin of mice.

The scientists then randomly divided the mice into three groups. They treated the groups as follows on day 0.

Group G – control Group H – injected with monoclonal antibody only Group J – injected with ADC (monoclonal antibody + drug).

Every few days, the scientists measured the volume of the tumours formed from the human breast cancer tissue.

Figure 9 shows the scientists' results.

Mice in Group H were injected with 2 mg kg–1 of monoclonal antibody.

The monoclonal antibody was in a solution of concentration 500 mg dm–3 Calculate the volume of antibody solution that the scientists would have injected into a 23 g mouse. Give your answer in dm3 and in standard form.

______________ dm3

Suggest one reason why there are no data for Group G and Group H after day 8

Suggest and explain two further investigations that should be done before this ADC is tested on human breast cancer patients.

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