Neonatal diabetes is a disease that affects newly born children. The disease is caused by a change in the amino acid sequence of insulin.

This change prevents insulin binding to its receptor. Explain why this change prevents insulin binding to its receptor.

A decrease in the activity of PI3K can cause type II diabetes.

Use Figure 5 to explain why.

Using your knowledge of the kidney, explain why glucose is found in the urine of a person with untreated diabetes.