Put a tick (✓) in the box next to the equation that shows how the net production of consumers, N, can be calculated where I represents the chemical energy store in ingested food F represents the chemical energy lost to the environment in faeces and urine R represents the respiratory losses to the environment.

☐ N = (I – F) + R

☐ N = I – (F + R)

☐ N = I + (F + R)

☐ N = I – (F – R)

In December 2017, the female breeding herd was 48% of all female cattle in the UK.

Use Table 1 to calculate the percentage of all female cattle that were beef cows in the UK in December 2017.

Answer ______________ %

Use Table 1 to calculate the increase in the number of dairy cows in the UK female breeding herd between December 2013 and December 2017.

Show your working.

Increase in number ______________

Farming cattle for humans to eat is less efficient than farming crops because of energy transfer.

Explain why.