Suggest how AS could cause proteinuria.

AS results from a sex-linked mutation.

In a male with AS, where would the sex-linked mutation be located?

Tick (✓) one box.

☐ Autosome

☐ X chromosome

☐ Y chromosome

☐ Mitochondrial DNA

Using all the information, evaluate the use of stem cells to treat AS in humans.

The scientists carried out further work to investigate how the transplanted stem cells developed after transplantation.

The scientists transplanted stem cells from wild type male mice into AS female mice. After 20 weeks, they found that the quantity of protein in the urine of these female mice had significantly decreased. They examined cells from glomeruli in the female mice. Some of these cells contained a Y chromosome.

Suggest how the transplanted stem cells reduce proteinuria.